Imperfect Victims: Comparing Chinese and Vietnamese Survivors of Forced Criminality in Southeast Asia’s Online Scam Industry

June, 2026

A peer-reviewed article between Ivan Franceschini and colleagues from EOS Collective (Non-Profit) and the Blue Dragon team.

The article examines the experiences of Chinese and Vietnamese people trafficked into scam compounds across Southeast Asia. One of the key findings is that survivors of trafficking for forced criminality are often misunderstood and misrepresented. Because they are forced to participate in online scams, they may be seen as offenders rather than victims of coercion, violence and exploitation.

Every day, Blue Dragon supports people who have been deceived into forced criminality by fake job offers and people they trusted, and then trapped in situations through threats and violence.

Research plays an important role in challenging misconceptions and helping ensure that survivors of forced criminality receive the same protection, support and understanding as other victims of modern day slavery.

File Type: pdf
File Size: 757 KB
Categories: Paper
Tags: Human Trafficking, Online Scamming
Author: Carlota Torres Lliró, Dr. Caitlin Wyndham, Dr. Ivan Franceschini, Jhinuk Mukhopadhyay, Ling Li, Luong Le, Mark Bo
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